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How to prevent the emergence of authoritarian power
The harm of authoritarian rule: Totalitarian autocracy refers to a system where a minority holds unlimited power, with a paternalistic approach to management and a one size fits all approach to decision-making. The harm of authoritarian rule is deeply felt and recognized by most people, especially the Chinese people who have experienced thousands of years of authoritarian rule. Liang Qichao said, "The negative consequences of unifying it are: narrow civil rights without establishing the foundation of government, and stagnant evolution due to a fixed authority..." The harm of authoritarianism includes but is not limited to the following aspects: ·Slowing down social development. The totalitarian autocracy only leads one person the final say, and other people are not allowed to have different ideas and opinions, which leads to the inability of everyone to play a role in decision-making, proposals and other aspects. It is impossible to brainstorm. Only relying on the wisdom of a few leaders rather than the wisdom of everyone in the whole society, all aspects will be very limited and develop slowly. ·Causing low social creativity, weak nation, and poor people. Totalitarian dictatorship only allows a few people to decide the distribution of opportunities and wealth, which can easily lead to great unfairness, greatly undermine everyone's work enthusiasm, cause many people to lie flat and resist, greatly reduce social creativity, and cause economic stagnation. This is why all authoritarian countries in the world are weak and poor. ·Causing low social efficiency, severe internal friction, and rigid institutional rigidity. Autocratic rulers are basically bitches who want to set up memorial archway, and oppose them in order not to be seen clearly. They tend to engage in a lot of red tape and complicate simple things, so as to better hide their eyes and fish in troubled waters. As a result, they have caused great and unnecessary human and material consumption and low efficiency. In order to hide their gains, they have greatly damaged the overall interests of society. After the concentration of power, only the core leaders have decision-making power, and most people do not have decision-making power and cannot handle things in a timely manner according to the actual situation. They also need to give instructions at all levels, which results in very low efficiency and poor timeliness in handling things. Moreover, everyone is afraid that if the leaders are dissatisfied, they will be punished and be cautious, making their work very rigid and inflexible. They would rather be foolproof than flexible. ·Make most people poor, humble, ignorant, scoundrel, without freedom and security. Totalitarian authoritarianism is inevitably opposed by everyone, and those in power, fearing the awakening of the masses in order to maintain their rule, will do their utmost to oppress, imprison, deceive, and mislead everyone, causing many people to be deceived or even dumbfounded. They will also restrict everyone everywhere, making them poor and powerless to resist. They will enact many evil laws to give everyone a handle to be dealt with at any time, making everyone feel insecure and have to obey obediently. Those who dare to oppose will be severely punished, causing many people to lose their wealth, dignity, freedom, and even their lives. ·Resulting in national isolation and tense relations with other countries. Totalitarian authoritarianism is afraid of criticism and interference from the international community, and will choose to isolate themselves and create conflicts with other countries to establish external enemies in order to transfer people's hatred towards them to the outside. By observing and comparing, it can be found that very few democratic countries and regimes intentionally provoke wars. Those who initiate wars are forced to counterattack, while the countries and regimes that create trouble in the world are mostly authoritarian regimes. ·It is easy to make irrational, illogical decisions that harm both the country and the world. Autocratic countries rely solely on a few people to make decisions, which can easily lead to poor and unfavorable decisions for the country, the people, and the international community due to the poor consideration, impulsiveness, personal likes and dislikes, and personal interests of these few people. Therefore, many policies of authoritarian countries are highly random, biased, and even strange. People are also very worried that authoritarian countries will suddenly act recklessly and not follow the rules of the game. Unlike democratic countries, where decisions are made by multiple people through full discussion, there will be no irrational or obviously wrong decisions. It is widely recognized that authoritarian countries are a hidden danger and threat to world peace and social stability. ·Resulting in serious corruption. The greater the power, the more prone it is to corruption, and absolute power will lead to absolute corruption. ·This makes it easier for bad people to rise to power. Hayek's conclusion: The evolution of Soviet Stalinism from a centrally planned economy to individual centralization and then to fascism was inevitable. This statement is in the 47 Year Consequence Mantra. Collectivism can sometimes reflect wisdom and efficiency, but historical evolution often leads to more bad people in power than good people. This is because when collective goals become individual upward goals, they are often achieved by any means necessary, and people without ambition and honesty are often unable to do so. The convergence within the organization will eventually result in fewer good people and more bad people among those in power. While we strive to consciously create our future based on some lofty ideals, we unconsciously create results that are completely opposite to what we have been striving for. "(Hayek) ·Dictatorship is harmful to everyone. It is harmful to rulers who implement authoritarianism themselves, as it can lead to their downfall and a lasting reputation. For a political party, if an authoritarian dictator emerges, it will also drag down or even lead to the downfall of the entire party. In short, authoritarian rule greatly hinders and destroys social progress and economic development, causing great harm to everyone's lives and development. The formation of authoritarianism and the history of the struggle between democracy and authoritarianism: After humans formed families and societies, power went from the primary level to becoming increasingly organized, with a larger scope of control, higher authority and concentration, and less restraint, reaching its peak and forming a one-man rule, also known as authoritarian dictatorship. In China, the earliest record should be that authoritarianism had already formed during the era of Emperor Yu, such as the fact that the Windproof Clan was only late for meetings and had a reason for it, but Emperor Yu could kill them at will if he was angry, and Emperor Yu later changed the abdication system and passed the throne to his own son. Emperor Qin Shi Huang pushed authoritarianism to a peak, which was imitated and inherited by future rulers. Since the Han Dynasty, rulers have adopted the methods of Confucianism and Legalism to better numb the people and prevent them from seeing that cannibalism is unsightly. They use Confucian ethics and morality to cover up the cannibalistic rule of man, such as the article "Why did China experience two thousand years of feudal autocracy? Who established the power of the emperor? The answer lies in this person", which states that "the Confucianists who promote loyalty to the emperor and love for the people to the people are the ones who truly play a role. The Legalists, who prioritize imperial power, use Confucianism to educate the people and guide decision-making. The Qin Dynasty created a dictatorial foundation with Legalism as the core ideology for the feudal dynasty, and the Western Han Dynasty put a beautiful new coat on this system, making it more effective. It looks bright and beautiful. Therefore, when it comes to benevolent governance, advocating the Way of Kings, and respecting Confucianism, but when it comes to authoritarianism, domineering behavior, and venerating Legalism. Most people are numb and indifferent to authoritarian behavior, and afraid to oppose it for fear of retaliation. And the power that is not constrained by opposition and other constraints is like a wild horse that has gone out of control, becoming increasingly authoritarian. Autocratic executors have gone to great lengths to centralize power, trying every means to suppress opposition forces, eliminate all potential opposition forces in their infancy, and not allow other forces to gather (such as the "curse of party confinement" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which prohibited and cracked down on party formation). They try to hold as much and greater power as possible, and hold power indefinitely. Even if they no longer hold power, they hand it over to their own relatives or confidants to avoid being purged. With the continuous expansion and savage growth of power, it has become increasingly arbitrary, and the rights and interests of the people and society are increasingly being violated. For thousands of years, political strongmen and warlords have emerged every now and then, causing serious harm to the country and the people. Many benevolent and ambitious individuals from ancient and modern times, both domestically and internationally, have also seen the harm of authoritarianism and constantly proposed plans to constrain power. From Zhou Gong and Confucius' emphasis on rule by virtue, adherence to etiquette and law, and compliance with the will of heaven, to Mencius' advocacy of "the ruler is light and the people are noble, and the country is secondary", to the Western concept of "putting power in a cage", all of these efforts are aimed at finding ways to constrain power. Many outspoken remonstrators and forced rebellious people also disregard their own safety and strive to fight against authoritarian rulers. But there are also some unscrupulous individuals who, in order to seek credit and rewards for personal gain, constantly design more effective schemes and systems for authoritarianism (the most vicious and harmful being Shang Yang, who proposed ignorance, weakness, poverty, and exhaustion), as well as act as propagandists for authoritarianism, constantly creating public opinion concepts (such as loyalty to the monarch), and as enforcers of authoritarianism, thugs, and lackeys. For thousands of years, both ancient and modern, both domestically and internationally, a significant portion of history has been a tug of war between authoritarianism and anti authoritarianism. Some people constantly strengthen centralization without considering the interests of the people and the safety of the country, while others actively fight against them at the cost of their own lives. However, in the past few thousand years, especially in China, anti authoritarianism has always been at a disadvantage. Society has become increasingly authoritarian and authoritarian, and the authoritarian system has become increasingly tight and powerful. The people have been oppressed more and more, and there are fewer ways and forces to resist. The anti authoritarian forces are becoming increasingly weak, to the point where no one has taken down Empress Dowager Cixi's decades long dictatorship. How to prevent the emergence of authoritarianism and corruption: How can we prevent the emergence of authoritarianism and totalitarianism? This includes how to prevent power hungry individuals with authoritarian tendencies from rising to power from the institutional level, how to prevent those in power from having the desire and opportunity for authoritarianism, how to constrain and supervise those in power so that they cannot do whatever they want, and how to make the public despise rather than recognize authoritarianism and dare to fight against it culturally, thus leaving no soil for the survival of authoritarianism. Among them, the system is particularly important. Poor systems can easily lead to authoritarianism, and once formed, it is difficult to oppose and eliminate them. However, if there are good election, decision-making, supervision, term limits, and recall systems, it can better avoid the emergence of authoritarianism. Culturally, it is the root cause. Only by clearing the cultural soil of authoritarianism can it prevent its resurgence. ·Minimize power and the benefits it brings: Power should be returned to the people for autonomy as much as possible, and the government should focus on maintaining order rather than controlling too much power and resource distribution. In this way, the power will be relatively limited, and the power it possesses will not have much sweetness, which can prevent people from thinking about excessive power and gaining more benefits from it. It is particularly important to make power have no sweetness, otherwise if power has sweetness and benefits, it cannot stop some people from trying their best to gain power and benefits, just like how flies can't get rid of things with taste, and things without taste will naturally dissipate. Minimize the resources and benefits controlled and allocated by the government as much as possible, in order to better reduce opportunities for corruption and bribery. At present, the government controls and participates in the allocation of too many resources and funds, including a large amount of funds for infrastructure, scientific research support, industrial support, social security, as well as natural resources such as minerals, medical and educational resources, and a large number of industries and enterprises controlled by the government. These have a lot of corruption and are difficult to eradicate in management and benefit distribution. It is better for the government to reduce its control and allocation in these areas and adopt other methods to achieve the same effect of ensuring national economy and people's livelihood as before. For example, it can be handed over to the private sector for government subsidies based on the results and effects. It can be said that as long as there is an opportunity for corruption, it is difficult to avoid it. No matter how hard one tries to catch it, it will only become a form of corruption. Moreover, in order to evade supervision, the corruption methods will become increasingly complex and costly. Therefore, it is better to reduce the opportunities for corruption from a mechanism perspective ·Try to weaken power and constrain it as much as possible: Power should not be too great, it should be weakened and minimized as much as possible. Otherwise, if the power of the person in power is too great, others will not be able and dare not oppose it. For example, if the person in power can arbitrarily influence the appointment, treatment, living conditions, development conditions, and even life and death power of others, then others will not dare to oppose him and can only flatter and please him, allowing him to be slaughtered. Han Feizi proposed that leaders should firmly hold the power of rewards and punishments in their hands. Abandoning this power is like a tiger losing its minions and cannot influence the unity of its subordinates. Indeed, people are all driven by the pursuit of profit, and what they fear the most is the person who can influence their own interests, that is, the person who controls their own rewards and punishments. Therefore, if the power of rewards and punishments is in the hands of one person, it is easy to lead to dictatorship. Therefore, in order to prevent dictatorship, we should attribute the power of rewards and punishments to collective decision-making. Any major rewards and punishments, including major appointments and removals, benefit distribution, and rewards and punishments, are decided through collective consultation. In this way, leaders cannot influence others arbitrarily by themselves, nor can they form dictatorship. The pen (media), knife handle (supervision, judiciary, military, and security, etc.) must also be independent and cannot be manipulated by those in power, otherwise those in power can arbitrarily affect the reputation and safety of others, making it difficult for others to compete with them. Judicial independence is particularly important, as everyone is bound by the law. Nowadays, when it comes to leadership, many laws and systems are not truly implemented, but rather give way to the will and requirements of the leader. Everything is arranged according to the leader's will, and no one dares to say a single "no". This way, in the long run, there will be no checks and balances on the leader, leading to authoritarianism. If power is not constrained and supervised, and can do whatever it wants, even the best leaders can become demons and often become so bad that they fly. So we need to tame those in power in the system, and put power in a cage. Any power must be constrained by the system, process, and other forces, and cannot be arbitrary or reckless. Everything must be done according to the system and procedures, and we must not handle things according to the leader's instructions. At present, our constraints on power are very weak. Those in power can act arbitrarily rather than according to the system, and there are even many unclear systems for the exercise of power. Ultimately, this inevitably leads to their arbitrary actions but no one dares to control them, and there is no basis for control. Corruption, authoritarianism, and other issues cannot be curbed. We must prevent the emergence and growth of political strongmen in the system in order to better protect everyone from being harmed by power. Establishing a constitutional system means establishing a limited government that has a scope of power, restricted areas, and cannot harm the basic rights of the people. ·Establish constraints on the appointment, removal, and term of office of leaders: All leaders should be able to rise and fall, and those who are deemed inappropriate should be promptly dismissed. A mechanism for impeaching and dismissing leaders should be established. And leadership positions must implement a term system, with each term lasting four to five years and a maximum of one re-election. They cannot serve for a long time, let alone indefinitely or even for life. In this way, there is a possibility and expectation of resignation, and those in power dare not do whatever they want to avoid being purged after leaving office. When encountering bad leaders, everyone will not be afraid and can initiate a push to dismiss them, or at least endure and wait for their term to expire. ·Implement multi person joint leadership, establish a collective decision-making mechanism, and avoid individual or minority dictatorship and arbitrary decision-making: A unit requires multiple people to jointly lead and form a leadership team, and the members of the old leadership board must have an equal relationship, rather than a superior subordinate relationship or even an unequal relationship like a monarch and minister. Unless it is a very small decision, it must be collectively discussed and decided upon by the leadership team or the meeting, rather than being approved by the leader (leader). (Excerpt: The political party established according to the model of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union is actually a committee system. Apart from the lack of power separation and checks and balances, its specific operation also lacks procedural and institutional regulations, and has a great deal of arbitrariness. The personality and ability of the party leader determine the characteristics of the party and state system.) ·Implement separation of powers and mutual checks and balances: Separation of powers and mutual checks and balances are extremely important in politics, as they can effectively prevent a certain power from gaining power, expanding and losing control, and are conducive to political stability. The separation of powers originated in the West is to make the legislative, judicial, and administrative powers independent and mutually check and supervise each other. Since ancient times, many leaders have liked to have several subordinates who have taken over some power check and balance each other to achieve the goal of better control and mutual restraint. Our country has a practice where senior leaders also participate in decision-making discussions or consultations, and even retain their offices for a period of time after leaving office. This can also play a role in assisting and appropriately balancing the new leadership team to prevent deviation. ·Let supervision and oversight also have an impact on all officials, including the highest leaders: In non democratic countries, most of the internal supervision within the government only supervises officials and staff at all levels, and often does not play a supervisory role for the top leader. The supervision among officials, media, and the public is also rarely able or daring to cover the top leader, which will make the top leader not subject to any supervision or oversight. We are too tolerant and laissez faire towards officials, especially leaders, in the system, which makes it easy for them to forget their original intentions and become corrupt. ·Establish a comprehensive system of persuasion: If leaders can fully listen to and adopt everyone's opinions, it can also have a good corrective effect. In ancient times, many imperial courts specifically established remonstrators who often gave advice to the emperor, and generally allowed ministers to submit memorials and the public to submit letters to the emperor. Currently, many government units have established petition reception departments and set up interactive columns on websites to better encourage people to look at problems from different perspectives and express different opinions. But often times, when the emperor or the highest leader is too strong and emphasizes personal authority too much, they will also regard everyone's advice as a betrayal and attack, resulting in severe punishment for the persuader. Therefore, it is necessary to protect those who dare to speak up and ensure that they are not punished or retaliated against. In this regard, Emperor Taizu of Song swore to warn his descendants not to kill censors, which is a relatively good thing, and modern society should do even more so. In history, leaders who allowed and actively listened to advice often achieved great success and fame, with the most typical being Emperor Taizong of Tang. Leaders who do not tolerate different opinions and indiscriminately kill opponents often become notorious tyrannical rulers, the most typical of which were many cruel and arbitrary emperors during the Northern and Southern Dynasties period. If different opinions are treated as unfounded, and critics are restricted and suppressed, everyone who expresses different opinions must be cautious, and even no one dares to criticize those in power, then this regime will be doomed and will only deteriorate. A ruler should have the demeanor of obediently following advice, understanding that "a thousand people's promises are not as good as one scholar's words." As Confucius said, "Those who always call their ruler evil can be called loyal ministers" (only those who dare to criticize the monarch are considered loyal ministers). ·Ensure information transparency, circulation, and freedom of speech and media: Transparency and transparency allow the public to have a clear understanding of government affairs and participate in supervision. The public's eyes are sharp and there are many people involved, which is much stronger than relying solely on supervision and disciplinary inspection departments to complete supervision work. Information transparency and media freedom make it difficult for authoritarian implementers to deceive everyone. This is why many authoritarian countries have restricted the use of some news platforms, communication software and even the Internet. They must cover up the truth, maintain deceptive lies and restrict the flow of information. The defection of the masses and relatives is an inevitable condition for the downfall of rulers, and the media is the main way to accelerate the formation and maturity of this condition. Therefore, authoritarian rulers always try their best to control the media, leaving opponents with no media space and making opposition to them very difficult. Therefore, to avoid authoritarian rule, it is necessary to firmly prohibit or restrict information transparency, circulation, and freedom of speech and media for various reasons such as epidemic control and wartime management. ·Establishing political civilization and changing the extreme political competition environment of life and death: This political ecology has created a situation where most politicians must be ruthless, act without rules or bottom lines, and form a situation of reverse elimination, where bad money drives good money, because the worse the situation, the more they can win in political struggles. This is also one of the reasons for authoritarian rule, as the winner of the struggle can only maintain their own security by maintaining centralized and high-pressure rule. To change this situation, it is necessary to establish political civilization, promote open debate and competition, and prohibit all unethical means of power struggle by officials. For those who create chaos to obtain excuses for action, create incidents to provoke conflicts or strike others (such as the Tianjin explosion and Shanghai chemical explosion in recent years, which are said to have been intentionally created for power struggles), as well as those who engage in power struggles through means such as cleansing, intimidation, torture, and assassination, they must be exposed and severely punished. For example, in the late 1970s, Chen Yun proposed the rule of not imposing the death penalty at the level of standing committee members. Although it was in line with the spirit of the rule of law, it was also to better avoid a life and death struggle and the resulting outcome of a net breaking. ·Promote democratic construction, allowing power to come from the people's election authorization and decision-making to be influenced by public opinion: Democracy can not only achieve better unity of forces and collective wisdom, but also better prevent authoritarian rule. Because in a democratic system, all power is authorized through elections by the people. In order to gain and maintain power, government leaders must consider the interests, feelings, and intentions of the people in their decisions and actions, and dare not violate facts and laws, or even act recklessly based solely on personal preferences. However, if the people have no right to democratic election, recall and vote, and the power is only in the hands of the individual and the minority, they can freely arrange the final say, then it will naturally lead to autocratic totalitarianism of varying degrees. If the leaders are more enlightened, it will be better. If they are selfish, perverse, moody, backward in cognition and ideas, they will be disorderly. It is best for leaders and officials, in addition to their reputation, to also be influenced by the evaluation of the public in terms of their work performance and salary, so that they will work harder to do a better job and treat the public well, and be less authoritarian and tyrannical. ·Ensure the restraint of the people on the rulers Organizing Citizen Power to Prevent Dictatorship: How can people who are part of and oppressed by evil groups unite to fight against evil? Instead of everyone being unable to move and at their mercy How to avoid the phenomenon of social submission in order to avoid Nazi and North Korean dictatorship ·Breaking down the environment where cultural concepts and authoritarianism breed, awakening the people, and making rulers consciously do well: Especially in China, there is a great need for democracy and it is not unsuitable for implementing a democratic system (such as the successful implementation of democracy in Taiwan). However, many of the Chinese people's consciousness and concepts have seriously hindered the development of democracy, and most regions have been under non democratic systems for a long time. These negative concepts include but are not limited to the following: Many people, officials, and leaders also lack modern political civilization concepts, but still have many traditional harmful ideas, such as: ·The public turns a blind eye to dictatorship and shows no resentment towards it. ·The public lacks a sense of collectivism and does not actively participate in politics and think that politics, national management, and themselves have nothing to do with it. Most people believe that as long as it does not lead to their inability to survive, they can do whatever the ruling class likes. ·The concept of 'family world' and 'leading the land to the shore is not like royal land'. Rulers often view the world as their own and therefore do not allow or severely punish others for interfering with national management. However, the general public does not oppose it but believes that it should be the case in the first place. As a result, a small number of people often treat the country as a private tool. ·The concept of advocating political strongmen. Many people still believe that it is necessary and better for political strongmen to manage the country, in order to control society, ensure social stability, better safeguard national interests, and prevent the country from being invaded by external enemies. This can lead to strongmen easily gaining power and even if they do what they want after gaining power, they will not be opposed by everyone. In the end, they are often not only strong against enemies and bad people, but also very strong and arbitrarily oppress kind-hearted people within. This is particularly severe in countries such as China and Russia, where the people have long suffered from the rule of strongmen. ·The misconception that leaders can only have one. Many people agree with the traditional saying 'one mountain cannot accommodate two tigers' and' there is no other day ', but they do not know that multiple leaders can lead together at the same time, and that better balance can be achieved through mutual checks and balances among different leaders. ·Afraid of officials and superiors. Due to excessive fear of the power held by their leaders, the vast majority of people are always afraid of their leaders. Even if they make mistakes, they dare not remind them, and they dare not even offer constructive suggestions. Moreover, no one dares to fight against authoritarian and dictatorial behavior. Society is silent and timid, and no one is a man. Many people are influenced by the propaganda of Quyi and believe that democracy often leads to weak and inefficient governments, and cannot be used to organize society. Even many people believe that authoritarianism is necessary, thinking that society is complex and that it is possible to use tough and uncivilized means to conduct social management and political struggles in order to be more efficient and effective. ·Lack of the concept of equality between officials and civilians. The concept of hierarchy is deeply rooted, and many people do not place their leaders on an equal footing with everyone. Any resources, interests, or achievements are arbitrarily occupied by the leaders. In addition, due to the fact that the allocation of resources and power is in the hands of leaders, many public officials have the mentality of being willing to be leaders' servants or even competing to be leaders' lackeys. Their work has never been centered on responsibilities and performance, but on the interests and feelings of leaders. There are always some treacherous and petty people who try their best to flatter and flatter their leaders, making them complacent and prone to deviation. Under everyone's indulgence, it's no wonder the leaders haven't become lawless. ·The concept of blindly following the leader and following only the superior. The leader's opinion is always taken as the standard in everything. The leader the final say, and what the leader says is right. No one dares or will doubt or contradict the leader's views, and no one dares to question anything. ·Worship and even deify leaders. Treating a leader as a perfect person, even a saint or divine being, is beyond doubt and opposition. Some even believe that a leader is the emperor, and that whoever becomes a leader is destined by heaven to obey its arrangements. ·The concept that leaders can serve for life. There is no understanding of "tenure" or "appointment" for leadership positions, only the concept of "replacement", no concept of election or change of leadership. It is believed that a leader can only be a capable individual, and no one will oppose or dare to oppose the leader holding the position until retirement or even death. ·No distinction between right and wrong, no recognition of morality, no recognition of victory or defeat. Most people have the concept of 'the winner is king, the loser is a bandit', worshiping the winner regardless of their value orientation and means adopted. The despicable ones who are more likely to win and do not adhere to morality and rules are instead praised by everyone, while those who adhere to morality and rules with bottom lines are often more likely to fail and are looked down upon by everyone. ·Lack of the spirit of taking charge and the courage to protect one's own interests. Countrymen attach great importance to keeping aloof from the world, but they have gone to extremes instead. They have not exerted any subjective initiative, and not only do they not strive for the collective interests of everyone, but even their own interests. Even if one's own interests are violated, they dare not speak up. If one's own interests are damaged, they can tolerate it and will not resist unless absolutely necessary ·Lack of modern political concepts. Chinese people lack the habit of handling affairs with democracy, only knowing how to let someone with absolute power manage society. Why do leaders have the final say, and when there are things, only one leader must approve. They often turn a blind eye to parental style and authoritarian behavior, and even praise them greatly, tolerating oppression and dictatorship, but never know how to actively resist dictatorship, support democracy, and organize and manage collectives in a democratic way. In response to these negative concepts and cultures, we should strive to promote change from the following aspects: ·Make everyone pay attention to the legitimacy source of leadership. Changing people's perception of not being elected as leaders is unreasonable, insisting that power comes from popular elections and that those who are not elected cannot hold power. ·We need to change the mindset of the ruling class, positioning themselves as personnel serving the country and the people, rather than the masters of the country and the people, and making the people strongly resist behaviors that dare to occupy and squander national interests at will. Power cannot be private. It is not the Confucian hierarchical system that brought about dictatorship, but rather the authoritarian people who monopolized the political power without distributing it to everyone, even if it was distributed to everyone according to hierarchy ·Eliminate the rise of strongmen and the emphasis on authority. In fact, a leader who is gentle, flexible, understands rules and regulations, and cares about people's livelihoods is better. They should not bow down to the outside world or tolerate bad people, but should not be too domineering or strong. Being too domineering and strong will inevitably offend other countries and units externally and harm the interests of the people internally. We can unite everyone through the recognition of goals, systems, and culture, rather than relying too much on personal authority and charm to unite everyone. And just as Laozi said, 'When it comes to being too powerful, you don't know what you have.' A good government and leader cannot be felt by the people, and the best management is to achieve subtle and silent management. ·Raise everyone's awareness of democracy and recognize that using democracy to manage society is better. In fact, democracy is the most organized and formal, which will only lead to the best and most efficient integration of resources. ·To cultivate the concept of hating authoritarianism and not tolerating tyranny. To make everyone realize the illegality of dictatorship and oppose it in groups, we cannot tolerate the sand of dictatorship in our eyes. ·We must cultivate the spirit of not fearing authoritarianism, daring to struggle, and continuously fighting. The reason why people are afraid to fight and there are systems that cannot guarantee people's safety is more due to people's beliefs and habits. There should be as many people as possible who dare to stand up and take responsibility. No one is without responsibility. Everyone opposes authoritarianism and regards killing evil dragons as a glory, rather than just being submissive and submissive. No one dares to stop and punish the leader's bad behavior and illegal behavior. Everyone should understand that without resistance to authoritarianism, it will form smoothly. In order to prevent the emergence of authoritarianism, we need to constantly resist.
·To let those in power know that the people are not easy to deal with, and that good and evil will be rewarded. If chaos brings disaster to the country and the people, they will be punished and punished. It's better not to be too powerful and not to go against the tide than to be ousted from power and have a bad reputation
·Don't just rely on leaders for obedience, respect, and correctness. In fact, leaders are the same as us, and even have less exposure to practical things than us, resulting in more mistakes. We cannot regard leaders as omnipotent, we cannot give all decision-making power to leaders, we cannot simply listen to their opinions or even believe that they cannot intervene, we cannot dare not disobey their will at all, and we cannot oppose even unreasonable demands for their interests. The awakening of the people is so important that the thinking in their minds that is conducive to the emergence of authoritarianism must be eradicated in order to make it difficult for authoritarianism to sprout. It is necessary to awaken everyone through enlightenment, and achieve authoritarianism and the Cultural Revolution, which will not happen in Europe or America, nor in China. Excerpt: The people of a country know that their government is an exploitative, reactionary, and traitorous government, and they are striving to overthrow it, but often it takes more than ten years, decades, or even hundreds of years to achieve victory. Why is it so slow? In theory, the number of people is much larger than that of her rulers. If the people do not provide any food, clothing, or basic necessities to the rulers, do not join the enemy's army, and fight against them to the end, drowning them in the vast ocean of the people, then not only in a hundred years, but even in just one month, the government can be overthrown. But the reality is always far from what people expect. Overthrowing the government always takes a long time, mainly because the people have their dispersion and procrastination, which is one of their weaknesses. The people are not wise or observant, they have their own limitations in knowledge and thinking. Some countries have maintained a feudal society for thousands of years, or allowed a zombie ideology to rule for thousands of years, but their people have never discovered any unreasonable aspects; Sometimes, thinkers, writers and artists in many countries have not been recognized by the people of their motherland for quite a long time, while religion, a reactionary and backward spiritual opium, has been accepted by the people of this country for a long time: all these show that people have something they don't know about. How to crack the emergence of authoritarianism: Once authoritarianism occurs, everyone must take action quickly and intervene in a timely manner, including warning and punishing authoritarian behavior. If it still doesn't work, the perpetrators of authoritarianism will be dismissed. If it is not possible to dismiss the authoritarian implementers, one can refer to the content of the previous chapter on how to vigorously punish and eliminate evil, and resist or even overthrow the authoritarian implementers. Identify the tricks of authoritarian rulers and take corresponding measures: Autocratic rulers will try their best to maintain their authoritarian rule, while disguising their actions as enlightened and selfless individuals. They often use the following methods to strengthen their ruling ability and reduce everyone's resistance to them: ·Control and monopolize the economy, compressing the space for the development of the people's economy. Let the people rely solely on their noses to survive economically Ancient emphasis on agriculture and suppression of commerce, modern public ownership and collective ownership Dictators will spare no effort to maintain their authoritarian rule by defending inefficient authoritarian economies - state-owned economies commanded by superiors without reform, and administrative monopolies. Promote public ownership and collective economy to better control everyone, so we cannot overly emphasize collectivism and centralization of power Poor people, weak people, and laboring people. Money is hard to defeat heroes, without food and supplies, there can be no war Shang Yang's Invention Chen Yun also said, "If we want the red country to be passed down from generation to generation, we must not let the lower class people live a prosperous life. We must use various movements to torment them, use various policies to deprive them of all their rights, and then gradually give them back like squeezing toothpaste. Only then will the lower class people be grateful to us. When they are busy running around and competing for basic survival, they will have no time to pay attention to their ideals and democratic freedom. At that time, the people will turn around and demand that we must stand on the moral high ground like saviors to maintain social order. Only then can the country ensure that it is passed down to our next generation without any worries. This is the wise governance strategy of our party ·Control people's freedom and everything else: Monitor well Control freedom. Control public opinion, prohibit marches and demonstrations. It may indeed succeed for a while, but it cannot last long. It will be seen through sooner or later, and the opposing forces will quickly surge and rebel. Household registration system, pass system ·Control thoughts and implement ignorant policies. The brutal rule of the Taliban has led to the impoverishment of the people and anti human and anti social practices. Although they have been greatly opposed domestically and internationally, the reason why they have not been overthrown by their people for a considerable period of time is because they have controlled people's thoughts, made them fanatical and foolish, and used the power of religion to establish foreign enemies and draw people's attention abroad, among other means. However, Qin Shi Huang's high-pressure policy was immediately overthrown, indicating that the rulers' methods were becoming increasingly sophisticated. For example, North Korea, Cuba, and other countries are also good examples of high-pressure rule. The high pressure of the Cultural Revolution also made people afraid to say even a single "no", and also made many people unaware that the Cultural Revolution was not good. Control ideology to maintain rule: China has always ruled its people with moral power since ancient times. Because of this, ideology has always been a battleground for many political forces. Emperor Qin Shi Huang demanded that the people stop thinking, while many modern despots demanded that the people accept his deceitful theory of restricting people, and did everything possible to make them fanatical, paranoid, and ignorant of thinking. This shows that despots are becoming increasingly sophisticated now. Dictators always promote the idea that commoners should suffer as slaves, so that even when they receive something they should have received, they will feel that it is given by the ruler and be grateful to them. Too many angry youths ·Seize some leverage for everyone to make them endure and dare not resist, and impose heavy penalties on those who dare to resist. Some people are afraid to oppose authoritarianism because they have been given leverage, such as high-ranking officials who dare not say that their leaders are afraid of being punished through anti-corruption and other means, ·Strike and intimidate the public. Dictators always intimidate the people through torture and other means, making them afraid to resist their arbitrary actions, especially by harshly striking those who stand out. This is one of the methods used by dictators to maintain their authoritarian rule. Mao Zedong's severe crackdown on several opponents also made people dare not speak again Autocratic individuals establish their authority through severe, excessive, and often beyond legal punishment. ·Stirring everyone to fight against each other in order to better control themselves, Lin Liguo said, "They create contradictions, create divisions, in order to achieve their goal of dividing and ruling, breaking down one by one, and consolidating and maintaining their ruling position." "They turn China's state machinery into a meat grinder that kills and crushes each other ·Open your eyes and reduce everyone's opposition to yourself. Attributing one's own politics to so-called 'imperialist oppression' is a common tactic used by many extreme and authoritarian countries to deceive the people and maintain their rule. Find an excuse to launch a war and shift the focus Create enemies and shift everyone's targets Intentionally creating external confrontation to divert everyone's attention excerpt: Once these three factors are released, Western capital, culture, and institutions can enter Iran, making the people prosperous. However, Iran's political and religious unity cannot be maintained at all, which is unacceptable to the clergy. This is also the reason why the clerical class strongly combats reformists and pro Western forces, because only through confrontation, closure, and control of ideas can Iran's political and religious unity last, otherwise all previous efforts will be in vain. It is a common practice of authoritarians to increase forgiveness and love for oneself by promoting and inciting hatred towards the enemy. So the rulers of China and North Korea, in order to divert the attention of the people and prevent them from paying too much attention to the government's mistakes, constantly establish some foreign enemies in front of the people, and exaggerate how despicable these enemies are, thus demanding that the people unite more obediently to fight against these enemies. ·Create war and eliminate all opponents The most common and primary way to maintain dictatorship is to deny any opportunity for political enemies to exist, including exclusion, suppression, imprisonment, and even extinction. ·Employ obedient subordinates and emphasize ignorant, absolute, and impartial loyalty. Under authoritarian rule, only slaves are appreciated because they obey. Truly capable people will not be submissive to others, and only those who show behavior will not be tolerated by authoritarian strongmen, so they cannot be promoted. Guo Yanhua's "Does the Next Century Belong to China ·By increasing salaries or even allowing corruption and looting in the bureaucratic system, in order to stabilize the system and thus stabilize the rule, rulers will inevitably tolerate corruption in order to maintain their rule and gain support from bureaucrats. Moreover, because corrupt individuals are beneficiaries of the existing system, condoning corruption can also increase resistance to democratic reform. Rulers may even treat corruption as a form of treatment towards their subordinates, making them feel that they can gain more benefits under their leadership, thereby making them support themselves and not oppose them, ultimately better maintaining their rule. Also, because corrupt individuals benefit from the existing system, condoning corruption can increase resistance to democratic reform and ultimately contribute to the maintenance of authoritarian rule. Nowadays, anti-corruption is only aimed at disobedient officials, and the real interest groups have not been targeted. But this will only accelerate the disintegration of society - the forces against the government will increase faster and more, and society will also decline due to the erosion of corruption. ·Occasionally giving everyone a favor. Just like giving candy to everyone to eat, my history teacher Ni Dongming once said that one of the techniques of rulers' enslavement is "tightening and loosening". When tightened for a while, it makes the people very afraid of him, and when loosened, it makes the people praise him and forget the pain of yesterday. (This may be one of the reasons why the Chinese people are good at forgetfulness, forgetting all the pain and lessons learned in just a few good days.) They often use the following methods to increase the legitimacy and justification of their actions: By using extraordinary events to emphasize his authoritarian power, he regards extraordinary events as an overwhelming matter, so that he can do whatever he wants without following conventions. So we oppose the implementation of authoritarianism under any pretext, and everything should be done according to rules and regulations. If there are exceptional circumstances, special measures can only be taken through a resolution of everyone. Even resorting to intentionally launching wars to implement a wartime mechanism of absolute obedience. Throughout history, wars have mostly been initiated by a few people for their own interests, because it is not cost-effective to consider war from the perspective of collective interests. These people intentionally create tension through war in order to seize others' wealth or maintain personal dictatorship, forcing everyone to obey unconditionally and without reason In a state of emergency, authoritarian decision-making can be used instead of democratic discussion, but the decision-maker must be subject to timely supervision and take responsibility for the decision. Additionally, the decision-maker must have been democratically elected. ·Excuses, procrastination, and ambiguity. We cannot be deceived by excuses and procrastinate. Not disclosing information and using "secrets" as an excuse to act is also one of the means to maintain authoritarian rule Making illegal rule legal through procrastination equivocation. Always using vague and difficult to grasp words such as "increase...", "expand...", "improve", "enhance", "implement", "indeed", "more", etc. to make promises to work, resulting in nothing being done and others being unable to judge clearly whether they have done it or not? How did it go? They never specify how to implement it, but only propose a vague goal and then leave it unresolved. For example, they promise democracy without specifying how to do it, only saying 'expand the people's decision-making power over something', and in the end, it is difficult to distinguish whether it has been expanded or how much it has been expanded. ·Promote and propagate evil. ·Crisis and inefficiency often become excuses for implementing authoritarianism, so some people, in order to gain more and stronger authoritarian power, may even create more crises, turmoil, and corresponding atmospheres, making the government ineffective without them. This technique was frequently used by Yeltsin, Chiang Kai shek, and many others. ·Promote personality cult. Enthusiastic worship of leaders, allowing them to do whatever they want without opposition Implementing a personality cult towards the previous leadership and emphasizing the continuity of the current government will help strengthen the legitimacy of the current government Because of this, every ruler always actively engages in personality cult activities, including constantly beautifying and promoting themselves, in order to maintain personal rule. So they constantly promote their theories, shaping their own great image and making people obey their rule ·By developing the economy, we can alleviate people's resentment, ·Create unrest. Turmoil can make people yearn for strongman rule, just like the repeated cycles of military coups and returning power to the people in Latin American countries. Therefore, democratic governments must do a good job in all things to prevent people from flowing back towards authoritarianism. They will also use the following methods to package despicable purposes and behaviors under the guise of grandeur: ·By using grandiose rhetoric and concepts to package the purpose of dictatorship, such as using mass movements to package dictatorship, just like thieves and swindlers will not appear as thieves and swindlers. Dictatorship is promoted with grandiose reasons, so that the people can recognize the practices of dictatorship and resist them better, such as mass movements (which do not follow the law), collective public ownership (which is controlled by a few people), common prosperity (which can freely distribute the wealth of others), and strengthening national/party and government leadership (which strengthens individual centralization) Using Chinese characteristics to avoid universal values Using mass movements to bypass the rule of law Using the so-called whole process democracy to package the whole process as undemocratic Always putting all theories into one pattern, in order to ultimately arrive at the conclusion he demands, and conclude that they are right Rulers will create theoretical support that makes people obedient, such as the ancient Three Obediences and Five Constant Virtues, the modern Marxist Leninist Maoist, and use noble theories to conceal the rule of man ·False and controlled democracy. Utilizing indirect democracy makes it easier to control ·Monopoly of media and public opinion. Only allow information that is beneficial to oneself to appear and spread
